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mba战略管理论文:战略管理会计视角下顺丰可持续盈利能力分析

来源:985论文网 添加时间:2020-05-06 11:12

摘 要

  随着互联网经济的发展,快递业已成为国民经济的重要组成部分,极大地推动了我国电子商务和新零售的发展。目前,我国快递业基本形成了顺丰与“四通一达”相互抗衡的竞争局面,其中“四通一达”均采用了轻资产运营模式,只有顺丰采用了重资产运营模式。采用轻资产运营模式的“四通一达”,在短期财务指标上表现良好,但同质化竞争严重,配送效率不理想;相比之下采用重资产运营模式的顺丰,虽然营业收入稳居第一,客户体验最佳,但在财务指标的表现上均明显低于“四通一达”。

  随着快递业增长速度的逐渐回落,快递业竞争进入新常态,重资产和轻资产两种快递业运营模式哪一种更具有可持续盈利能力已经成为理论与实务界关注的焦点。

  两种模式差异的会计问题主要体现在资产结构和可持续盈利能力两方面。为了兼顾两者短期和长期的财务表现,本文从战略管理会计的视角出发,结合快递业的行业特点和美国快递业的发展经验,运用战略管理会计的分析工具确定了影响快递业可持续盈利能力的因素,通过顺丰与“四通一达”的财务和非财务指标的横向与纵向对比,分析了两者战略选择、资产结构配置及可持续盈利能力的差异,发现顺丰的重资产模式下,速度、安全、服务更有保障,可持续盈利能力更强,而轻资产企业同质化严重,引发价格战的风险较高。同时,为改善顺丰的财报表现提出了建议:合理选择筹资方式;加强成本管理;加强财务风险管控;推进相关多元化;加大科技创新力度。

  本文进而探讨了快递业企业战略、轻重资产结构及可持续盈利能力三者之间的关系:公司的战略选择是企业决定选用何种资产结构的依据;资产结构是决定可持续盈利能力的重要因素;可持续盈利能力的强弱也会对公司战略和资产结构产生一定的校正作用。进一步为我国快递行业不同类型的企业提出了建议:轻资产营运的“通达系”

  应改善加盟商管理并向信息化平台转型;电商自营物流应加强成本控制,逐步面向第三方提供服务;国有物流企业要加强内部控制,提高资源使用效率。

  关键词:战略管理会计;快递业;资产结构;可持续盈利能力

  ABSTRACT

  With the development of the Internet economy, the express delivery industry has become animportant part of the national economy, which has greatly promoted the development ofChina's e-commerce and new retail At present, China's express delivery industry hasbasically formed a competitive situation in which SF Express and the “four links and ones”

  compete against each other Among them, “four links and one” have adopted the light assetoperation mode, and only SF has adopted the heavy asset operation mode The “four linksand one approach” adopting the light asset operation mode performed well in short-termfinancial indicators, but the homogenization competition was serious and the distributionefficiency was not satisfactory In contrast, SF, which uses the heavy asset operation mode,although the operating income is stable First, the customer experience is the best, but theperformance of financial indicators is significantly lower than the "four links and one" Withthe gradual decline of the growth rate of the express delivery industry, the competition in theexpress delivery industry has entered a new normal state Which of the two types of expressdelivery business models of heavy assets and light assets has become more sustainable andhas become the focus of attention in the theoretical and practical circles

  The accounting problems of the two model differences are mainly reflected in the assetstructure and sustainable profitability In order to balance the short-term and long-termfinancial performance of the two, this paper, from the perspective of strategic managementaccounting, combined with the industry characteristics of the express delivery industry andthe development experience of the US express delivery industry, using the analytical tools ofstrategic management accounting to determine the sustainable profitability of the expressdelivery industry The factors, through the horizontal and vertical comparison of SF and the“four links and one” financial and non-financial indicators, analyzed the differences between the two strategic choices, asset structure allocation and sustainable profitability, and foundthat under SF’s heavy asset model, Speed, safety, and service are more secure, sustainableprofitability is stronger, and light asset companies are more homogenous, causing higherrisks in price wars At the same time, suggestions were made to improve SF's financialperformance: rational choice of financing methods; strengthening cost management;strengthening financial risk management; promoting related diversification; and increasingscientific and technological innovation

  This paper further explores the relationship between the corporate strategy of the expressdelivery industry, the structure of light and heavy assets and the sustainable profitability: thestrategic choice of the company is the basis for the enterprise to decide which asset structureto choose; the asset structure is an important factor in determining sustainable profitability

  The strength of sustainable profitability will also have a certain correction effect on thecompany's strategy and asset structure Further suggestions for different types of enterprisesin China's express delivery industry: the “access system” of light asset operation shouldimprove the management of franchisees and transform to the information platform;e-commerce self-operated logistics should strengthen cost control and gradually provideservices to third parties; State-owned logistics enterprises should strengthen internal controland improve the efficiency of resource use

  KEY WORDS: Strategic management accounting;Express delivery;Asset structure;Sustainableprofitability

  目录

  1 绪论

  1.1 研究背景及意义

  1.1.1 研究背景

  (一)快递行业发展前景广阔

  得益于中国经济的迅速发展,我国快递业也在 2008 年到 2018 年迎来了行业的黄金发展时期,并经历了三个发展阶段。首先,在 2008—2010 年间,我国快递业务量以20%的速度快速发展,这是黄金时代的开始。其次,在 2011-2016 年间,我国快递业务复合增长率达到 5348%、快递业务收入复合增长率高达 3929%,尤其是在 2016 年,快递业务量增速更是高达 5133%,创近几年历史第二高水平;业务收入增速高达4350%,创历史新高,这是我国快递业的发展高峰期。第三个阶段就是 2017 年以后,2017 年快递业务量完成 401 亿件,同比增长 28%;业务收入完成 4950 亿元,同比增长 245%,2018 年 1-11 月,全国快递服务企业业务量累计完成 4529 亿件,同比增长263%,业务收入累计完成 5429 亿元,同比增长 223%,已经开始了增速放缓阶段。

  虽然快递业的增速已经放缓,但整体年均 20%的增速依然非常可观。而且,未来中西部的快递市场还大有可为。从人均使用量来看,2016 年全国人均使用量 228 件,其中东部地区 444 件(已超过美国的 31 件),中部和西部仅为 86 件和 61 件。假设中西部人均快件使用量达到全国平均水平,则未来预计将会为快递行业贡献业务量增量 1229 亿件。

  伴随着我国经济的转型升级,快递业在平衡区域发展差距、促进生产要素流动和刺激消费方面都将发挥更大的作用。《国务院关于促进快递业发展的若干意见》指出,到 2020 年我国的快递业务量要突破 500 亿,业务的总收入要突破 8000 亿,这进一步说明快递行业今后的未来是非常光明的。

  (二)快递业竞争进入新常态

  目前,我国快递业市场主要有外资企业、国有企业、民营企业三种企业性质的分类。在经营方式上有加盟制、直营制和电商自由物流三种主要形式。在互联网经济及电商业务发展的促进下,以顺丰、圆通、申通、韵达、百世汇通和中通等服务于电子商务的民营快递企业发展迅速,占据了国内快递市场的绝大部分市场份额。经过黄金时代的大浪淘沙,我国民营快递业目前已经形成了一超多强的竞争格局。

  一方面,顺丰以自营模式走高端路线,为客户提供安全、快速、高质量的物流运输服务,在快递行业竞争优势明显,营业收入遥遥领先。另一方面,在我国电商快速发展的背景下,“四通一达”民营快递公司以低成本、高流通量的模式在电商快递运输领域占有重要的行业地位,净资产收益率非常可观;电商企业自营快递运输的京东和苏宁在前期的巨大投入后,正在逐步扭转亏损状态。

  随着快递市场的增速放缓,快递也迎来了竞争的新常态。一方面,以顺丰为代表的重资产运营的直营模式,在享受着高票面溢价和高用户粘性红利的同时,将要面临成本控制和提高资产利用率的新考验。另一方面,以申通为代表的轻资产运营的加盟模式,在享受着高增长和低风险的优势同时,也面临着价格战和增速放缓的新难题。

  在这种新常态下,由于经营模式迥异,两种模式下可持续盈利能力的差异也很大,因此,很有必要对两种经营模式进行比较探讨。

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